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High-Yield Peanut Cultivation and Water–Fertilizer Management Techniques

Release Date:

2021-03-02

Peanuts are an important oilseed crop in China and play a pivotal role in the country’s oilseed industry. At the same time, they are a widely favored food, rich in nutrients and abundant in protein and unsaturated fatty acids, offering significant health benefits.

In recent years, as people’s living standards have continued to improve, market demand for peanuts has steadily risen, significantly boosting the development of the peanut‑cultivation industry. This paper summarizes high‑yield peanut cultivation techniques and water‑fertilizer management practices, aiming to help peanut farmers increase yields, enhance quality, and contribute to higher incomes and greater prosperity.

Cultivation Management

Sowing date

1. Land Preparation

Promote the use of deep‑loosening and rotary tillage techniques, applying deep loosening every other year—first loosening, then tilling—with a deep‑loosening depth of at least 25 cm and a deep plowing depth of around 30 cm to break up the plow pan and increase the active soil layer. For fields with relatively shallow soil profiles, gradually increase the tillage depth each year.

2. Ridge Formation

This is typically carried out two weeks before local sowing. The ridges should be 8–15 cm high, with a width that varies according to local conditions and is determined by the terrain and the number of planting rows; the furrow width should be 30–40 cm.

3. Seed Selection

Ensure thorough seed selection to obtain seeds that are plump, uniform, and highly vigorous, with a germination rate of at least 90%. Apply chemical seed treatment (coating or dressing), and after treatment, allow the seed coat to dry completely before sowing; ideally, sow within 24 hours.

4. Sowing

The optimal sowing window is within five days; sow when the daily average soil temperature at a 5–10 cm depth remains stable at 12°C. Plastic-mulched peanuts can be sown earlier. Pay attention to planting density: for large‑seeded peanuts, plant approximately 8,000 hills per mu; for small‑seeded varieties, increase the density to around 10,000 hills per mu, with two seeds per hill.

Seedling stage

1. Replanting seedlings
Ten to fifteen days after sowing, peanuts should be promptly thinned and replanted according to emergence. Typically, seedlings from overly dense areas are transplanted, or seeds are germinated and sown to fill gaps. When transplanting, water the planting holes first or transplant with a clod of soil. Replanting should be done early to avoid the development of weak, stunted seedlings that could compromise plant density.
2. Clearing the roots
After the seedlings have emerged, gently rake away the surface soil around the peanut plants to expose the axillary buds on both the true leaves and the cotyledons as soon as possible, thereby promoting the rapid growth and development of the first lateral branch. This ensures robust seedling growth, encourages the plant to produce more flowers and fruits, and lays the foundation for a bountiful harvest.

Flowering stage

1. Earthing up
Use a hoe to break up the topsoil and mound fine soil around the peanut roots, which helps promote the development of effective fruiting pegs.

2. Control growth
When both the main stem and lateral stems of peanuts reach a height of 30 cm, apply a foliar spray of plant growth regulators to reduce plant stature, promote peg formation, and increase pod set.

Full fruit ripening period

Harvest

Aboveground symptoms: The lower leaves have largely fallen off, leaving only a few upper compound leaves; the leaf blades no longer remain green but turn yellowish‑green. At noon, when walking along the peanut rows, the leaves easily fall off upon contact, and the peanut stems also take on a yellowish‑green hue. In some varieties, such as Luhua 14, the leaves remain dark green at harvest. Notes: Do not wait until all the peanut leaves have dropped before harvesting; otherwise, the pods will become overripe.

Root and underground parts: When 80% of the peanut pods on a plant are peeled back, the pod skins turn bluish-green, and the spongy layer inside the shell turns iron-brown; at this stage, timely harvesting is recommended.

Water and fertilizer management

Sowing date

Moisture management: At planting, the soil’s relative moisture content should be maintained at 60–70%, meaning that the topsoil can form a clump when squeezed by hand but crumbles easily when rubbed. If soil moisture is too low, peanuts may fail to emerge; in such cases, irrigation is necessary.

Fertilizer Management:

1. Compound fertilizer: Water-retaining humic acid compound fertilizer 20-10-10 (application rate: 40–50 kg per mu);

2. Bio-organic fertilizer: Apply at a rate of 40–80 kg per mu, using the “one top, three stars” formulation.
3. Micronutrient and trace-element fertilizers: High-calcium potassium–magnesium (application rate: 10–20 kg per mu) / silicon–calcium potassium–magnesium (application rate: 20 kg per mu);
4. Microbial inoculant: a composite microbial inoculant specially formulated for peanuts (application rate: 10–20 kg per mu).

Seedling stage

Water Management: During the early growth stage, peanut seedlings are small and have low water requirements. If soil moisture remains at or above 40% of field capacity, supplemental irrigation and fertilization are not necessary.

Fertilizer Management: Apply Anjiali Ye (diluted 400–600 times) by foliar spray once before the onset of flowering.

Flowering stage

Water Management: Peanuts have gradually increasing water requirements; during the early growth stages, if drought occurs, timely measures such as irrigation and supplemental fertilization should be implemented. Typically, when flower production begins to decline and midday leaf wilting is observed, irrigation should be applied promptly—using a shallow‑water furrow‑irrigation method—to restore soil moisture. It is also important to carry out light cultivation and soil loosening 1–2 days after watering.

Fertilizer management: Apply a single spray 3 days after full bloom using Guozhenling (diluted 400–600 times) combined with Huangjinlu (diluted 250–500 times).

Podding stage

Water Management: During the peak vegetative growth stage of peanut plants, water demand is at its highest. If drought occurs, soil moisture levels are low, and leaf blades turn pale and fail to regain turgor by evening, irrigate promptly. Insufficient water can hinder plant development and reduce pod fullness.

Fertilizer management: Apply a single spray 20–30 days before harvest using Guozhenling (diluted 400–600 times) combined with Huangjinlu (diluted 250–500 times).

Full fruit ripening period

Water management: During the pod-filling and maturity stage, peanut plants experience a sharp decline in water consumption, and root activity diminishes. In years with excessive autumn rainfall and poor drainage, promptly clear ditches to eliminate standing water and prevent waterlogging; in drought‑prone years, apply furrow irrigation in a timely manner to protect roots and foliage, maintain the vitality of functional leaves, and increase the pod‑filling rate.

Fertilizer management: Apply a single spray 20–30 days before harvest using Guozhenling (diluted 400–600 times) combined with Huangjinlu (diluted 250–500 times).

CCTV.com reports: Against the backdrop of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization and accelerating agricultural modernization, agricultural scientific and technological innovation has become a key driving force for green agriculture. Leveraging the research platforms of Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Nongda Fertilizer Technology Co., Ltd. has successfully developed a new functional foliar fertilizer called “Nongda Leaf Power.” Field trial data confirm that this product significantly enhances crop photosynthetic efficiency and improves fruit quality, offering a fresh solution for boosting agricultural productivity and quality.

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The postdoctoral proposal defense at Nongda Fertilizer Industry marks the beginning of a new chapter in agricultural research.

On April 21, the review meeting for the postdoctoral proposal defenses of Dr. Li Pei and Dr. Cong Ping was held at the Agricultural University Fertilizer Company. Distinguished experts—including Academician Xu Minggang from Shanxi Agricultural University, Professors Zhang Min and Wan Yongshan, Dean Zhu Ge Yuping from Shandong Agricultural University, and Minister Gao Xia of the Soil and Fertilizer Department at the Shandong Provincial Agricultural Technology Extension Center—gathered to jointly embark on a new chapter in agricultural research.

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The Fertilizer Branch of the China Agricultural University Alumni Association hosted a “Symposium on High-Quality Development of China’s Fertilizer Industry” in Sanya, jointly charting a new roadmap for industry transformation and talent cultivation.

On December 6–7, the Fertilizer Branch of the China Agricultural University Alumni Association hosted the “Symposium on High-Quality Development of China’s Fertilizer Industry” in Yazu, Sanya.

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Nongda Technology has become the first company from Shandong Province to list on the Beijing Stock Exchange in 2026.

Taian City has consistently regarded promoting corporate IPOs as a key lever in building a strong, new‑type industrial city, and has innovatively established working mechanisms such as leadership‑assigned oversight for listed companies, empowerment task forces, one‑stop service via a single official letter, and direct communication channels between disciplinary inspection authorities and enterprises.

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Shandong’s first IPO of the year! Shandong Agricultural University Technology listed on the Beijing Stock Exchange.

On January 28, Shandong Agricultural University Fertilizer Technology Co., Ltd. was listed on the Beijing Stock Exchange, becoming the first company in Shandong Province to debut on the A-share market this year.

2024-09-14

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High-Yield Peanut Cultivation and Water–Fertilizer Management Techniques

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